段落(paragraph)是由表達(dá)單一中心思想(controlling idea or central idea)一組句子(包括主題句 topic sentence，推展句supporting sentences及結(jié)論句concluding sentence)構(gòu)成，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)基本獨(dú)立單位。本講我們將就主題句和中心思想這兩個(gè)方面展開(kāi)討論。

　　主題句與推展句

　　1、主題句

　　主題句(topic sentence)是表達(dá)段落主題句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都圍繞它展開(kāi)。請(qǐng)看下例：

　　My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don’t argue with parents;they will think you don’t love them. Don’t argue with children;they will think themselves victimized. Don’t argue with spouses;they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don’t argue with strangers;they will think you are not friendly. My mother’s rules，in fact，can be summed up in two words： Don’t argue.

　　主題句中提出“certain rules”是指什么?展開(kāi)句中通過(guò)四個(gè)“Don’t argue ——”逐一加以交代。從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，這是一個(gè)比較典型段落，它包括了主題句，推展句和結(jié)論句(即本段中末句)。

　　1.1、主題句位置

　　主題句通常放在段落開(kāi)端，其特點(diǎn)是開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地?cái)[出問(wèn)題，然后加以詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。其作用是使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰，更具說(shuō)服力，便于讀者迅速地把握主題和想象全段內(nèi)容。主題句可以放在段中起到承上啟下作用，或放在段尾起概括全段作用。但初學(xué)者比較難于掌握，因而在四級(jí)考試中，考生應(yīng)盡量采用將主題句放在段落開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)作手法。

　　例1：Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages，on farms and in factories，machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy，and energy is needed for heating，lighting，communications，carrying goods —— everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.

　　這段文字所講主要是能源問(wèn)題。第一句就概括性地提出“我們目前生活很大程度上依賴(lài)于能源”。而隨后出現(xiàn)三句都是具體事例，對(duì)第一句進(jìn)行說(shuō)明和論述。我們可以斷定第一句為該段主題句。

　　例2：(主題句)No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.(推展句1)Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste，we are no longer free to choose the things we want，for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.(推展句2)In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product，advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.

　　1.2、 如何寫(xiě)好主題句中關(guān)鍵詞

　　段落主題句對(duì)主題限定主要是通過(guò)句中關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)表現(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞要盡量寫(xiě)得具體些。對(duì)“具體”要求包括兩個(gè)方面：一是要具體到能控制和限制段落發(fā)展;二是要具體到能說(shuō)明段落發(fā)展方法。準(zhǔn)確地把握關(guān)鍵詞是清楚地表達(dá)段落主題、寫(xiě)好段落主題句重要前提之一。在上面例1，例2中，主題句關(guān)鍵詞分別為：depends very much on energy;no one can avoid being influenced.

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